Skin cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the skin. It occurs when skin cells grow abnormally and uncontrollably, often due to damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds.

At Penn Medicine, our experienced specialists work together in diagnosing, treating, and researching all types of skin cancers. Our unique approach provides better outcomes and gives you access to the most advanced treatment, surgical techniques, and clinical trials available.

Skin cancer signs and symptoms can vary but may include:

• A bump or nodule with small, visible blood vessels 
• A lump in the throat, mouth, or neck 
• A new mole or growth 
• Changes in existing moles, growths, or freckles 
• Flat, scaly areas that may be red or brown and itchy or painful 
• Numbness, tingling, or itching on the lips, mouth, or genitals 
• Pearly or waxy bumps that are often flesh-colored, white, or pink 
• Persistent, non-healing sores that may bleed, ooze, or crust over 
• Pink or red growths with a slightly raised, rolled edge and a lower area in the center 
• Sores that heal and then come back 
• White or yellowish areas that resemble a scar with poorly defined borders

It’s important to note that not all skin changes or sores are cancerous. However, any concerning or persistent symptoms should be evaluated by your doctor. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve your outcomes. 

The American Academy of Dermatology designed the ABCDE method to remember the signs of skin cancer. It stands for:

• Asymmetry: One half of the mole doesn’t match the other. 
• Border: The mole’s edges are irregular, blurred, or poorly defined. 
• Color: The color of the mole is not uniform. It may include shades of brown, black, tan, red, white, or blue. 
• Diameter: The mole is greater than 6 millimeters, about the size of a pea. However, some skin cancers can be smaller. 
• Evolving: The spot changes in size, shape, color, or in other ways over time, or new symptoms such as itching, tenderness, or bleeding begin.

Regular skin self-exams and professional skin screenings are essential for early detection and treatment. If you notice any suspicious changes on your skin, contact your Penn Medicine dermatologist immediately. 

Skin cancer is primarily caused by damage to the DNA in skin cells. The main skin cancer risk factors that contribute to this damage include:

• Sun exposure: The most significant cause of skin cancer is prolonged and unprotected exposure to the sun’s UV rays. Both UVA and UVB rays can damage the DNA in skin cells, leading to mutations that can cause cancer. 
• Tanning beds: Artificial sources of UV radiation, such as tanning beds and sunlamps, also significantly increase the risk of developing skin cancer. 
• Family history: A family history of skin cancer can increase your risk. Certain genetic conditions, such as xeroderma pigmentosum, which reduces the skin’s ability to repair DNA damage, can also elevate the risk. 
• Fair skin: People with fair skin, light hair, and light eyes have less melanin, which provides some protection against UV radiation. This makes them more susceptible to skin damage and subsequent skin cancer. 
• Age: The risk of skin cancer increases with age due to exposure to UV radiation over time. 
• Immune system suppression: People with weakened immune systems, such as those who have had organ transplants and are taking immunosuppressive drugs, have a higher risk of developing skin cancer. 
• Exposure to carcinogens: Certain chemicals, such as arsenic, coal tar, and some types of oil, can increase the risk of skin cancer with long-term exposure. 
• Previous skin cancer: Having had skin cancer previously increases the likelihood of developing it again. 
• Radiation therapy: Previous treatment with radiation therapy, particularly if it was directed at the skin, can increase the risk of skin cancer in the treated area. 
• Human papillomavirus (HPV): Certain strains of HPV have been associated with an increased risk of skin cancers, particularly squamous cell carcinoma.

Understanding these risk factors can help in taking preventive measures such as avoiding excessive sun exposure, using sunscreen, and wearing protective clothing to reduce the risk of developing skin cancer. Regular skin checks and monitoring for any changes in the skin can also help in early detection and treatment.