Often, gynecologic cancers (cancers affecting a woman’s reproductive organs) have no known cause. Research shows, however, that certain factors can increase your risk of developing gynecologic cancer.
At the Abramson Cancer Center, our gynecologic cancer specialists help you understand the risk factors that you may be facing. You can take steps to reduce those factors with our risk evaluation services and cancer screenings. Finding and treating cancer early — or even preventing it, in some cases — offers the best chance for success.
Gynecologic Cancer Risk Factors
Not everyone with risk factors develops cancer, and some women without risk factors can get gynecologic cancer. The risk factors vary depending on the type of cancer. Some risk factors are within your control while others are not.
Risk factors that you may be able to manage or treat
- Health conditions such as diabetes or hypertension (high blood pressure)
- HIV infection or AIDS
- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use after menopause
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
- Obesity or excess weight
- Smoking
Risk factors that you cannot change
- Abnormal growths on the endometrium (uterus lining), such as endometrial polyps or hyperplasia (precancerous cell changes)
- Age of 50 years or more
- Exposure to the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) while in the womb
- Genetic predisposition, such as specific mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes
- Infertility or no history of pregnancy
- Menstrual issues such as infrequent periods, menstruation before age 12 or menopause after age 50
- Personal or family history (especially mother or sister) of cancer, especially breast, ovarian or colon cancer
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), a hormone disorder affecting the ovaries
Risk factors for each type of gynecologic cancer
Each type of gynecologic cancer has its own causes and risk factors. Learn more about the risk factors and how you can manage them for each type:
Signs and Symptoms of Gynecologic Cancer
Many gynecologic cancer symptoms resemble those of other, less serious conditions such as infections or menstrual problems. That’s why it’s important to see your doctor if you experience these symptoms. We do a thorough evaluation to find the causes and prevent symptoms from getting worse.
Each type of gynecologic cancer has its own signs and symptoms. Some that may happen with several types include:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
- Burning or itching of the vulva (outer area of a woman’s genitals)
- Changes in bathroom habits, such as increased urination, constipation or diarrhea
- Changes in vulva color or skin, such as a rash, sores or warts
- Pain in the back or stomach
- Pelvic pain, pressure or bloating
Gynecologic Cancer Prevention: How We Help You Reduce Risk
Although it’s not possible to completely prevent gynecologic cancer, you can reduce your risk of developing it. Our specialists offer cancer screenings and services to help prevent gynecologic cancers and detect them early for more successful treatment:
- Pelvic exam: Your doctor does a physical exam of your reproductive organs to check for signs of illness.
- Pap smear: As part of a pelvic exam, a Pap smear can detect precancerous cells and cervical cancer in its earliest stages.
- HPV test: This test is similar to a Pap smear, and your doctor can do it during the same pelvic exam. An HPV test can detect certain high-risk forms of HPV (those that are more likely to lead to cervical cancer).
- HPV vaccine: A vaccine can protect against infection with certain high-risk forms of HPV.
- Genetic counseling and testing: If you have a family history of breast or gynecologic cancer, you may benefit from genetic testing. Our nationally recognized specialists in cancer genetics provide comprehensive risk evaluation services to help you understand your possible risks. Learn more about our services at the Mariann and Robert MacDonald Cancer Risk Evaluation Center.
Request an Appointment
Call 800-789-7366 to schedule an appointment with one of our gynecologic cancer experts. You can also request an appointment using our online form.